Medically reviewed by the Rice Emergency Room Medical Team

Dr. Amir Zegar, DO

Medically reviewed byDr. Amir Zegar, DOBoard-Certified Emergency Medicine Physician | Medical Director

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are commonly associated with adults, but they can also affect children, posing a unique set of challenges for parents and caregivers.

Below, we will help you recognize the signs and symptoms of UTIs in children, which will allow for early intervention.

Causes of UTIs in Children

Urinary tract infections in children usually occur due to bacteria entering the urinary tract system.

Common causes include:

  • Bacterial Entry: The most prevalent cause of UTIs in children is the entry of bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli (E. coli), into the urinary tract. This occurs when bacteria from the rectal area find their way to the urethra and ascend into the bladder.
  • Incomplete Emptying of the Bladder: Children may not always empty their bladders fully, leaving residual urine that becomes a breeding ground for bacteria. Incomplete bladder emptying can contribute to the development of UTIs.
  • Constipation: The relationship between constipation and UTIs in children is noteworthy. When children experience constipation, the rectum can press against the bladder, impeding proper emptying and increasing the likelihood of urinary tract infections. (Figueroa, 2021)

Symptoms Your Child Has A UTI

Below we have listed out the common symptoms a child will present if they have a UTI:

Common signs include:

  • Frequent Urination: Children with UTIs may exhibit a sudden increase in urinary frequency. Parents should be attentive to changes in their children’s bathroom habits, especially if there is a notable deviation from the norm.
  • Pain or Burning Sensation: Complaints of pain or a burning sensation during urination are classic indicators of a UTI. Young children might express their discomfort through crying or increased fussiness.
  • Fever: A sudden onset of fever, sometimes accompanied by chills, can be a red flag for a UTI. Monitoring the child’s temperature and seeking medical attention if a fever persists is crucial for timely intervention.
  • Abdominal Pain: UTIs can cause discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen. Recognizing these subtle cues, especially in younger children who may not articulate their discomfort clearly, is essential for early detection.
  • Foul-Smelling or Cloudy Urine: Changes in the appearance or odor of urine can be indicative of a urinary tract infection. Parents should pay attention to any noticeable alterations in their child’s urine.

Treating a Childs UTI

UTIs in children can usually improve within 24-48 hours with a prescription of antibiotics. The antibiotic your Doctor chooses, will be based upon the type of UTI they suspect.  Mild side effects like nausea may occur from the antibiotics, and we recommend pre or probiotics to support the stomach upon completion of the course.

Preventing UTI in children

In addition to treatment, there are several preventive measures for children:

  • Encourage Hydration: Adequate hydration is essential to flush bacteria out of the urinary tract. Encourage your child to drink plenty of water throughout the day, fostering a habit that supports overall urinary health.
  • Promote Proper Hygiene: Teaching children proper hygiene practices is crucial. Emphasize the importance of wiping from front to back after using the toilet, preventing the transfer of bacteria from the rectal area to the urethra.
  • Timely Bathroom Breaks: Encourage regular bathroom breaks and ensure that your child doesn’t hold in urine for extended periods. This can help prevent the accumulation of bacteria in the urinary tract.
  • Address Constipation: Constipation can contribute to UTIs in children. Collaborate with your child’s healthcare provider to address any constipation issues, as resolving this concern can reduce pressure on the bladder and lower the risk of UTIs. (Urology Care Foundation)

Urinary tract infections in children are a health concern that do not always go away on their own. If left untreated, they can get severe, and cause unneeded pain.

To avoid a urinary tract infection, we recommend focusing on hygiene, hydration, and addressing underlying issues like constipation. All of these tips can help alleviate symptoms and prevent the recurrence of UTIs in children.

Always consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice and treatment plans tailored to your child’s specific needs. Do not rely upon this article alone for your Childs health.

When to Visit the ER For A Childs UTI

A parent should bring their child to the emergency room if the child exhibits severe symptoms related to a urinary tract infection. A few warning signs are high fever, persistent vomiting, intense abdominal pain, or signs of dehydration.

If the child is very young, has a compromised immune system or other concerning symptoms related to UTI, we recommend getting immediate medical attention at an emergency room in your area.

UTI Articles Cited

“Urinary Tract Infections (Utis) (for Parents) – Nemours Kidshealth.” Edited by T. Ernesto Figueroa, KidsHealth, The Nemours Foundation, Oct. 2021,

kidshealth.org/en/parents/urinary.html.

NHS inform. “Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Children.” NHS Inform, 23 Oct. 2023,

www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/kidneys-bladder-and-prostate/urinary-tract-infection-uti-in-children/.

Urology Care Foundation. “Urinary Tract Infections in Children.” Urinary Tract Infections in Children: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment – Urology Care Foundation,

www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/u/urinary-tract-infections-in-children.